Criminal liability for Tampering with Electronic Fingerprint Systems (a Comparative Study)

Abstract

In recent decades، the world has witnessed tremendous advancements in modern technology، most notably the adoption of electronic fingerprint systems as a means of identity verification and authentication in various sectors، including government institutions، banks، companies، and even educational establishments. These systems represent a qualitative leap in enhancing accuracy and speed while preventing the manipulation of personal data. However، this development has not been without its risks. Various forms of manipulation of these systems have emerged، including fingerprint forgery، identity theft، and hacking، raising serious legal and criminal issues related to protecting public trust and ensuring the integrity of transactions